Iceland is one of the countries with the lowest incidence of wildfires in the world. For wildland firefighters, this case is particularly interesting because it demonstrates how climate, vegetation, and land management can influence fire occurrence and behavior. Although no environment is completely risk-free, understanding why there are few wildfires in Iceland provides valuable lessons for other, more fire-prone ecosystems.
An extreme climate that limits wildfire risk
The first reason is its cold and humid climate. Most of the year, temperatures remain low, reducing the dryness of vegetation fuels. In addition, frequent rainfall and long periods of snow cover prevent the accumulation of dry material. For any wildland firefighter, these conditions significantly decrease the probability of ignition.
Sparse vegetation and low fuel load
Iceland has very little forest mass. Although active reforestation projects exist, the country has less than 2% forest cover. The landscape is dominated by tundra, moss, shrubland, and lava fields—fuel types with low continuity.
Wetlands and volcanic areas as natural firebreaks
Iceland’s terrain often works as a natural barrier against wildfires. Numerous wetlands maintain high moisture levels and act as natural control lines. In addition, large expanses of volcanic rock create discontinuities that surface fires cannot cross. These conditions reduce the need for preventive infrastructures that are essential in countries with higher fire risk.
Low human activity in forested areas
Most wildfires worldwide are linked to human activity. However, Iceland has a very low population density and land-use patterns that strongly limit the presence of people in natural areas. This reduces the likelihood of accidental ignitions and contributes to the extremely low number of wildfires recorded in the country.
Prevention based on science. Why there are few wildfires in Iceland.
Even with minimal risk, Iceland maintains monitoring and prevention programs. Authorities analyze climate behavior, monitor fuel conditions, and apply preventive measures in reforested areas. For wildland firefighters, this approach highlights the importance of adapting prevention to local conditions and not relying solely on natural factors.
A useful example for understanding global fire risk. Why there are few wildfires in Iceland.
Studying why there are few wildfires in Iceland helps wildland fire agencies in other countries understand how humidity, climate, vegetation, and human pressure can reduce or increase wildfire frequency. Although Iceland’s model cannot be replicated—because its climate is unique—it shows that preventive management and knowledge of the territory are essential for any modern wildland firefighting strategy.